Gökalp Güneş

Behaviorism was introduced by Watson (1913) and supported the view that psychology need to deal with the objective data of behavior. According to Tolman (1948), behavior is guided by purpose, which is called as “purposive behavior”. Skinner (1974) believed that behavior is can be fully understood regarding environmental cues and results. According to him, the mind is just like a black box and nothing is known about what happens inside and therefore, knowing inside is not needed to understand how behaviours are affected by environmental or external issues. Skinner (1974) defined learner as a more or less permanent change in behaviour, which can be detected by observation over a period of time. Regarding two classes of behaviour namely as respondent behaviour and operant behaviour, respondent behaviour is elicited involuntarily in relation to a stimulus such as dogs’ salivating to food whereas operant behaviour is emitted by an organism such as circus animals performing tricks. ...

The book’s chapter 1 focuses on the learning, which is a continuous process including positive or negative change that happen in actions and performance because of both experience and interaction. Moreover, theory of learning deals with inputs from other sources which is a recurrent process indicating the outcomes about circumstances of learning process. Regarding the sources of knowledge namely as empiricism, nativism and rationalism, in empiricism , nothing is innate so there is nothing to rely on and the sensory experience is prominent whereas in nativism , some of the knowledge is innate meaning that knowledge is present at birth thus, inherited. In rationalism , knowledge is based on reason meaning that mind builds knowledge with observations and sensory so the reason is linked with the process. In term of the concepts of epistemology regarding the content of knowledge namely as skepticism, realism, idealism and pragmatism. S kepticism perceives that the world might not be ...

I’m Gökalp Güneş, I’m from Istanbul/Turkey and I have been working as an EFL instructor in the preparatory school of a foundation university in Istanbul/Turkey and previously I have worked in private courses in Istanbul teaching adults general English. Before I graduated from Istanbul Bilgi University from the ELT department, I received my CELTA certificate in New York and I was awarded pass B. After that I completed my MA in the ELT department at Bahcesehir University and conducted a thesis about intercultural communicative competence (ICC) , and now I am a PhD student in the ELT department at Bahcesehir University.