Gökalp Güneş

Ausubel postulated that   meaningful learning happens by the time learners interpret their experiences actively using certain internal as well as cognitive operations. During that, learners have a connection with the already known information. In order to ensure meaningful learning, three conditions should be provided. Firstly, learners need to prepare a meaningful learning and then materials are also supposed to be meaningful, relevant and organized and final condition is that how knowledge connects to what learners are asked to learn. Existing cognitive structure, an individual’s organization and stability as well as clarity of knowledge are the basic factors that have an effect on the learning retention of meaningful new material as Ausubel indicated. Furthermore, in terms of reception learning, instead of discovering information, learners are directly told information. In other words, what is to be learned is given to the learners and they are supposed to internalize the i...

According to Schunk (1990) motivation is the process in which goal directed behaviour is encouraged as well as maintained. Furthermore, as Weiner (1990) postulated that for educational psychologists, learning is an indicator of motivation (p.168), therefore motivation is related to the use of knowledge yet not the development of it. However, curiosity is a strong motivator of learning. Thus, instructional strategies should be designed to appeal the intended learners. One way to ensure it is rewarding which aims to increase the probability of its reoccurring yet some might also reduce the natural interest of the learning task. Thorndike supports rewarding by stating that it increases importance on pleasant consequences of behaviour that can be repeated and this is called as Law of Effect. Therefore, according to this claim, any behaviour, which is followed by unpleasant consequences, has a chance to be stopped. There are different views and theories regarding motivation. G oal Se...

When stimuli becomes input and behaviour become output, this is conceives as information processing which is called today as cognitive information processing (CIP). There are three basic staged of memory system as  sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory.   Sensory memory  is the first stage of information processing which is related to vision, hearing etc. and it holds information in memory very briefly.  Working memory  which is also called as  short-term memory  is the stage where further processing carried out to make information ready for the  long-term storage.   Working memory  holds information for a limited time as well as it holds limited information. Finally,  long-term memory  is the permanent storage of information and once information is proceeded into long-term memory, it is never lost.  Additionally,  sensory memory  which is temporally has a great deal of visual information ye...